NCERT Class 12 Maths Solutions of Relations and Functions – Chapter 1 Ex 3,
Sol. The functions f : {1, 3, 4} →{1, 2, 5} and g : {1, 2, 5} →{1, 3} are defined as f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)} and g = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)}
gof(1) = g(f(1)) = g(2) = 3 [f(1) = 2 and g(2) = 3]
gof(3) = g(f(3)) = g(5) = 1 [f(3) = 5 and g(5) = 1]
gof(4) = g(f(4)) = g(1) = 3 [f(4) = 1 and g(1) = 3]
gof = {(1, 3), (3, 1), (4, 3)}
Sol. To prove (f + g)oh = foh + goh
Consider
LHS = ((f + g)oh)(x) = (f + g)(h(x))
= f(h(x)) + g(h(x)) = (foh)(x) + (goh)(x) = {(foh) +(goh)} (x)
((f + g)oh)(x) = {(foh) + (goh)} (x) ∀ x ϵ R
Hence, (f + g)oh = foh + goh
To prove (f.g)oh = (foh).(goh)
Consider LHS = ((f.g)oh)(x)
=(f.g)(h(x)) = f(h(x)) . g(h(x)) = (foh)(x). (goh)(x)
= {(foh).(goh)}(x)
((f.g)oh)(x) = {(foh).(goh)}(x) ∀ x ϵ R
Hence, (f.g)oh = (foh).(goh)
Q 3. Find gof and fog, if
i. f(x) = |x| and g(x) = |5x – 2|
ii. f(x) = 8x3 and g(x) = x1/3
Sol. (i) f(x) = |x| and g(x) = |5x-2|
(gof)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(|x|) = |5|x| -2|
and fog(x) = f(g(x)) = f(|5x-2|) = ||5x-2|| = |5x-2|
(ii) f(x) = 8x3 and g(x) = x1/3
(gof)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(8x3) = (8x3)1/3 = 2x
and fog(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x1/3) = 8(x1/3)3 = 8x


Hence, the given function f is invertible and the inverse of f is itself.
i. f : {1, 2, 3, 4} → {10} with f = {(1, 10), (2, 10), (3, 10), (4, 10)}
ii. g : {5, 6, 7, 8} → {1, 2, 3, 4} with g = {(5, 4), (6, 3), (7, 4), (8, 2)}
iii. h : {2, 3, 4, 5} → {7, 9, 11, 13} with h = {(2, 7), (3, 9), (4, 11), (5, 13)}
Sol. (i) Function f : {1, 2, 3, 4} → {10} defined as f = {(1, 10), (2, 10), (3, 10), (4, 10)}
From the given definition of f, we can see that f is a many one.
Function as f(1) = f(2) = f(3) = f(4) = 10. Therefore, f is not one-one. Hence, function f does not have an inverse.
(ii) Function g : {5, 6, 7, 8}→{1, 2, 3, 4} defined as g = {(5, 4), (6, 3), (7, 4), (8, 2)}
From the given definition of g, it is seen that g is a many one.
Function as g(5) = g(7) = 4. Therefore, g is not one-one. Hence, function g does not have an inverse.
(iii) Function h : {2, 3, 4, 5}→{7, 9, 11, 13} defined as
h = {(2, 7), (3, 9), (4, 11), (5, 13)}
It is seen that all distinct elements of the set {2, 3, 4, 5} have distinct images under h. Therefore, function h is one-one.
Also, h is onto, since for every element y of the set {7, 9, 11, 13}, there exists an element x in the set {2, 3, 4, 5} have distinct images under h. Thus, h is a one-one and onto function. Hence, h has an inverse.
Sol. Function f : [-1, 1] → R is given f(x) =x/(x+2)
Let f(x) = f(y)
→x/(x+2)=y/(y+2) → xy + 2x = xy + 2y
→ 2x = 2y → x = y
Therefore, f is a one-one function.
Let y = x/(x+2) → x = xy + 2y → x = 2y/1-y
So, for every y except 1 in the range there exists x in the domain such that
f(x) = y. Hence, function f is onto.
Therefore, f : [-1, 1] → Range f is one-one and onto and therefore, the inverse of the function f : [-1, 1] →Range f exists.
Let y be an arbitrary element of range f.
Since, f : [-1, 1] → Range f is onto, we have y = f(x) for some x ϵ[-1, 1]
→ y =x/(x+2) → xy + 2y = x
→ x(1-y) = 2y → x =2y/1-y, y ≠ 1
Now, let us define g : Range f → [-1, 1] as g(y) =2y/1-y, y ≠ 1
Therefore, gof = fog = IR, Therefore, f-1 = g
Therefore, f-1(y) = 2y/1-y, y ≠ 1
Sol. Here, f : R→R is given by f(x) = 4x+3
Let x, y ϵ R, such that
f(x) = f(y) → 4x+3 = 4y+ 3
→ 4x = 4y → x = y
Therefore, f is a one-one function
Let y = 4x + 3
→ There exist, x =(y-3/4) ϵ R, ∀ y ϵ R
Therefore, for any y ϵ R, there exist x =y-3/4 ϵ R, such that
f(x) = f(y-3/4) = 4(y-3/4) + 3 = y
Therefore, f is onto function.
Thus, f is one-one and onto and therefore, f-1 exists.
Let us define g : R →R by g(x) =(y-3/4)
Now, (gof)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(4x + 3) =(4x+3)-3/4) = x
(fog)(y) = f(g(y)) = f(y-3/4) = 4(y-3/4)+ 3 = y – 3 + 3 = y
Therefore, gof = fog = IR
Hence, f is invertible and the inverse of f is given by f-1(y) = g(y) =(y-3/4)




Sol. Let f : X → Y be an invertible function
Also, suppose f has two inverses (say g1 and g2)
Then, for all y ϵ Y, we have
→ fog1(y) = Iy(y) = fog2(y) → f(g1(y)) = f(g2(y))
→ g1(y) = g2(y) [f is invertible → f is one-one]
→ g1 = g2 [g is one-one]
Hence, f has a unique inverse.
Sol. Here, function f :{1, 2, 3}→{a, b, c} is given by
f(1) = a, f(2) = b and f(3) = c
If we define g : {a, b, c}→{1, 2, 3} as g(a) = 1, g(b) = 2, g(c) = 3, then we have
(fog)(a) = f(g(a)) = f(1) = a
(fog)(b) = f(g(b)) = f(2) = b
(fog)(c) = f(g(c)) = f(3) = c
and (gof)(1) = g(f(1)) = f(a) = 1
(gof)(2) = g(f(2)) = f(b) = 2
(gof)(3) = g(f(3)) = f(c) = 3
Therefore, gof = IX and fog = IY, where X = {1, 2, 3} and Y = {a, b, c}
Thus, the inverse of f exists and f-1 = g
Therefore, f-1 : {a, b, c}→{1, 2, 3} is given by,
f-1(a) = 1, f-1(b) = 2, f-1(c) = 3
Let us now find the inverse of f-1 i.e., find the inverse of g.
If we define h : {1, 2, 3}→{a, b, c} as
h(1) = a, h(2) = b, h(3) = c, then we have
(goh)(1) = g(h(1)) = g(a) = 1
(goh)(2) = g(h(2)) = g(b) = 2
(goh)(3) = g(h(3)) = g(c) = 3
and (hog)(a) = h(g(a)) = h(1) = a
(hog)(b) = h(g(b)) = h(2) = b
(hog)(c) = h(g(c)) = h(3) = c
Therefore, goh = IX and hog = IY, where X = {1, 2, 3} and Y = {a, b, c}
Thus, the inverse of g exists and g-1 = h → (f-1)-1 = h
It can be noted that h = f. Hence, (f-1)-1 = f.
Sol. Let f : X→Y be an invertible function
Then, there exists a function g : Y →X such that gof = IX and fog = IY
Here, f-1 = g
Now, gof = IX and fog = IY
Therefore, f-1 of = IX and fof-1 = IY
Hence, f-1 : Y→X is invertible and f is the inverse of f-1
i.e., (f-1)-1 = f
Q 13. If f : R→R be given by f(x) = (3 – x3)1/3 then fof (x) is
- x1/3
- x3
- x
- 3 – x3
Sol. Here, function f : R→R is given as f(x) = (3 – x3)1/3
fof(x) = f(f(x)) = f((3 – x3)1/3) = [3 – ((3 – x3)1/3)3]1/3
= [3 – ((3 – x3)]1/3 = (x3)1/3 = x
fof(x) = x. Thus, the correct answer is option (c)